Typhus- Symptoms, Causes, Risk Factors and Prevention

Typhus is a serious bacterial infection caused by rickettsial organisms and transmitted through the bites of infected fleas, lice, mites, or ticks. Although less common in developed countries today, remains a public health concern in areas with poor sanitation, overcrowding, and limited access to healthcare. If left untreated, the disease can lead to severe complications and may even become life-threatening.

What is Typhus?

Typhus is a condition caused by one or more rickettsial bacteria developing an infection. It transmits fleas, mites (chiggers), lice, or ticks when they bite you. Fleas, mites, lice, and ticks are forms of arthropods known as invertebrate animals. When somebody is bitten by arthropods carrying rickettsial bacteria, they transmit the bacteria. Scratching the bite further exposes the skin and provides further exposure to the bloodstream for the bacteria. Once in the bloodstream, the bacteria continue to reproduce and grow.

There are three different types of typhus:

• Epidemic (Louse-Borne) Typhus
• Endemic (Murine) Typhus
• Scrub Typhus

The type of typhus that you become infected with depends on what bit you are infected with. Arthropods typically carry a typhus strain which is unique to their species.

Typhus outbreaks usually occur only in developing countries or in areas of poverty, poor sanitation and close contact with humans. Typhus is usually not problem in the United States, but when traveling abroad you can become infected.

Untreated typhus can cause severe complications and it can be fatal. If you think you might have it is necessary to see your doctor.

Symptoms of Typhus

Symptoms start, in most cases, within 1 to 2 weeks of exposure to an infected insect. This can make the original source of the infection hard to track.

The symptoms of typhus include:

• Headache
• Cough
• Nausea and Vomiting
• Skin Rash
• Symptoms Similar to Flu, Like Fever, Chills, And Muscle Aches
• Confusion
• Rapid Breathing

Different types of also cause specific symptoms. People with scrub may find on the skin a dark scab or bite, and may develop swollen lymph nodes. People with murine may be losing their appetite.

For some people, particularly those with poor immune systems,symptoms reappear months after the initial infection, or even years after. Doctors refer to this disease as Brill-Zinsser. A person who has typhus symptoms after an earlier infection should advise their doctor.

When to see a doctor

If you think you have typhoid fever see a doctor immediately. If you’re from the US and get ill when traveling abroad, call the US. Consulate for a Physicians Chart. Better yet, find out in advance about medical care in the areas you are going to visit and include a list of recommended doctors’ names, addresses and phone numbers.

If after you return home you experience signs and symptoms, consider seeing a doctor who is based on foreign travel medicine or infectious diseases. A specialist can identify and treat your disease faster than a physician who is not familiar with these areas can.

Causes of Typhus

When they bite you, insects and other parasites transmit murine and epidemic typhus, and leave bacteria-laden feces on your skin.

You can spread the infested feces into the open bite wound or other cuttings on the surface of your skin when scratching the itching bug bite. That deposits bacteria from the typhus into your bloodstream.

If a mite infected with the bacterium bites you, even if you are not scratching the mark, you may get scrub.

Risk factors

Risk factors for typhus include residing or visiting areas where the disease is endemic. These include several port cities with large rat populations, and areas with low levels of waste and low hygiene. The major threats are disaster zones, homeless camps, poverty-stricken areas and other similar circumstances that allow rodents to come in close contact with people. These are the same kinds of conditions that lead to cholera, tuberculosis and viral diseases such as influenza outbreaks. Fleas (and ticks) are most prevalent in spring and summer months, but infections can occur any time of year.

Treatment

Doctors prescribe antibiotics for endemic and epidemic infections because early antibiotic treatment (e.g., azithromycin, doxycycline, tetracycline, or chloramphenicol) will heal most people with the bacteria. Consultation with an expert on infectious disease is advisable, particularly if there is a diagnosis of epidemic in pregnant women. Treatment delays can cause problems in the renal, lung, or nervous system to develop. Many patients can die, especially the elderly ones.

Complications

Some complications of typhus include:

• Hepatitis, which is inflammation of the liver
• Gastrointestinal haemorrhage, that is, bleeding into the intestines
• Hypovolemia, the reduce in the volume of blood fluid

Prevention

A vaccine was developed during World War II for the prevention of epidemic. However, the shrinking number of cases has stopped the manufacture of the vaccine. The easiest way to avoid typhus is to avoid the pests that transmit it.

Suggestions for prevention include:

• Maintain a proper personal hygiene (helps protect against disease carrying lice)
• Controlling the rodent population (rodents are known to carry arthropods)
• Avoid travel to regions where exposure to typhus has occurred, or to countries at high risk due to lack of sanitation
• Chemoprophylaxis with doxycycline (used as a preventive measure only for those at high risk, such as those involving humanitarian efforts in areas of extreme deprivation and with little or no sanitation)

Use tick, mite, and insect repellant. Perform regular tick tests, and wear protective clothing while you are traveling to an area where outbreaks have occurred.